{"id":2089,"date":"2020-12-07T08:12:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T08:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/?p=2089"},"modified":"2020-12-04T11:25:22","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T11:25:22","slug":"winston-churchills-thoughts-on-womens-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/?p=2089","title":{"rendered":"Winston Churchill\u2019s thoughts on women\u2019s work"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this blog, written last year for the second-<\/em>year Introduction to Historical Research module, second-year UoP student Jaina Hunt wrote about how minutes of government discussions reveal changing attitudes to women\u2019s war work.<\/em><\/p>\n

During the twentieth century, minutes were created and absorbed by the system of government, making them an important part of the political machinery of Britain.[1]<\/a> The minutes of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill to his secretary of state for war show the importance of women\u2019s war effort in changing attitudes towards women. Churchill placed great emphasis on the \u201cimmense importance of having a large number of women\u201d in crucial wartime roles, such as positions in batteries and artilleries.[2]<\/a>\u00a0 Analysing his personal minutes reveals how informal attitudes enriched the legislation produced during and shortly after the war. They show a very gradual shift towards allowing women into the masculine sphere and the beginning of changes to conceptions of women\u2019s traditional gender roles, even though legal equality was not achieved. These minutes are limited in their usefulness to historians due to fragmentation, the effects of Churchills\u2019 personal background and whether they represent personal views or government agenda.[3]<\/a> Thus, these will be discussed but this blog contends Churchill\u2019s minutes provide a unique angle into the slowly shifting attitudes of the 1940s.<\/p>\n

\"Churchill<\/a>

Churchill shown in 1643 with his daughter Mary Soames.<\/p><\/div>\n

State papers are the principal source of political history, according to Jane Cox.[4]<\/a> These minutes directly portray the attitudes of the prime minister and thus the government, making them crucial to the exploration of the political views of 1941. Churchill\u2019s statement of a \u201cuniversal desire among all ranks\u201d shows an interesting insight into the appetite within the forces to grant women serving in the Royal Regiment of Artillery an equal status to men in the same roles.[5]<\/a> The phrasing \u201cuniversal desire\u201d indicates an undoubted and comprehensive shift in attitudes in artilleries but the language also suggests these attitudes may be extending to those outside of this department of the British army.[6]<\/a> However, it is important to note that state papers do not represent ordinary people; they illustrate the views of the state which can often differ drastically to those outside of government. The nature of minutes induce a more \u201cintimate\u201d form of official document due to their personal nature, so they could be somewhat deceptive, as their representation of official attitudes is intertwined with the personal agenda of the author.[7]<\/a> Therefore, as Readman asserts, the background of the author of such documents is of upmost importance to historical analysis.[8]<\/a> Both of Churchill\u2019s daughters worked in A.A. Batteries, which means the source could be portraying the thoughts of a proud father rather than the changing ideas of the state.[9]<\/a> Although, with a third of a single AA Battery unit being female, the prime minister\u2019s personal situation would have reflected a huge number of individuals in Britain.[10]<\/a> Therefore, Churchill\u2019s minutes present a picture of attitudes towards women that encompass the elite and the ordinary, offering a unique perspective of how war work changed attitudes towards women.<\/p>\n

Moreover, state papers should be creditable sources due to their proximity to the subject.[11]<\/a> Thus, memoranda are an essential part of political history allowing the historian to explore the \u201dmotives behind policy\u201d.[12]<\/a> In 1943, Parliament\u2019s changes to the 1939 Personal Injuries Act awarded women equal compensation for injuries attained in war.[13]<\/a> Churchill\u2019s minutes provide some motivations behind changes in legislation effecting women, expressing that women in combat units \u201dshare in practice with the men the unavoidable dangers and hardships\u201d of war, making equal compensation a matter of justice.[14]<\/a> This shows a recognition of the shared experience of war between the sexes, so provides some explanation to the changes in legislation and demonstrates a developing attitude in the abilities of women in Britain. However, reliability is limited by the fragmentation of the minutes; they do not include the responses from the secretary of state for war, so they only offer one-side of the picture.[15]<\/a> There is also a gap in historiography of twentieth century state papers.\u00a0 Although though there is an abundance of research focused on the early modern period, historiography is lacking on the subject for the twentieth century, thus the analysis of this document is limited by the lack of information on the importance and use of state papers at the time.[16]<\/a> Therefore, there are some limitations to the value of Churchill\u2019s minutes, but pairing them with legislation can deepen our understanding of the \u00a0motives of politicians and offer an overview of attitudes towards women.<\/p>\n

\"Caribbean<\/a>

Caribbean women in the ATS during World War II<\/p><\/div>\n

Even though Churchill\u2019s minutes show an appreciation for women\u2019s war efforts, legal equality was not achieved. This brings into question how far this source shows a change in attitudes towards women. When mentioning his desire for the equal status of women in combatant units Churchill notes that \u201cthis does not imply any alteration in their legal status\u201d.[17]<\/a> This accounts for the historically noted lack of legal equality for women achieved by WW2; for example, the amendment to the 1941 National Service Act (according conscripted women equal pay) failed to pass through Parliament.[18]<\/a> There is huge debate among historians over the effects of WW2 on the status of women in Britain: some believe it emancipated women while others feel it entrenched traditional gender roles.<\/a> While legislation supports the idea that women were not liberated, by not achieving equal pay, Churchill\u2019s minutes provided a unique perspective to counter this argument. Churchill shows an acknowledgement of the importance of women\u2019s war efforts and how both sexes shared a similar experience of war. Whilst legal equality was not on the agenda, attitudes were clearly changing and women in the Royal Regiment of Artillery \u201ccrossed gender boundaries\u201d by doing the same skilled work as men and wearing military uniforms.[20]<\/a> Therefore, exploring the documents behind legislation shows a gradual shift in attitudes towards women. The war may not have facilitated drastic changes in legislation, but it did facilitate a change in how women were viewed due to their entrance into masculine spheres.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

This exploration of Churchill\u2019s personal minutes illustrates the value of official documents in developing our understanding of attitudes towards women during WW2. Such memoranda enrich the story legislation portrays. While women had some legislative successes, they did not attain equal pay. Churchill\u2019s minutes show the lack of interest in legal changes while also portraying changes in how women were perceived as war facilitated the crossing of gender boundaries. Overall, the source depicts the start of a gradual shift in traditional gender roles and thus attitudes towards women in Britain.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Kristina Spohr Readman, \u201cMemoranda,\u201d In Reading Primary Sources: The Interpretation of Texts from Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century History, <\/em>ed. Miriam Dobson and Benjamin Ziemann. (Oxon: Routledge, 2009), 123.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Churchill Archive. \u201cPrime Minister’s printed personal minutes, October 1941.\u201d http:\/\/www.churchillarchive.com\/explore\/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F36%2F10#image=16<\/a>, last accessed 10 March 2020.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Angela Raspin, \u201cPrivate Papers,\u201d In The Contemporary History Handbook, <\/em>ed. Brian Brivati, Julia Buxton and Anthony Seldon. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 220.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Jane Cox, The Nation\u2019s Memory: A Pictorial Guide to the Public Record Office<\/em> (London: Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office, 1988), 31.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Churchill Archive. \u201cPrime Minister’s printed personal minutes, October 1941.\u201d http:\/\/www.churchillarchive.com\/explore\/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F36%2F10#image=16<\/a>, last accessed 10 March 2020.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Churchill Archive. \u201cPrime Minister’s printed personal minutes, October 1941.\u201d http:\/\/www.churchillarchive.com\/explore\/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F36%2F10#image=16<\/a>, last accessed 10 March 2020.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Miriam Dobson, \u201cLetters,\u201d In Reading Primary Sources: The Interpretation of Texts from Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century History<\/em>, ed. Miriam Dobson and Benjamin Ziemann. (Oxon: Routledge, 2009) 59.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Readman, \u201cMemoranda\u201d, 130.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Mary Soames, A Daughter\u2019s Tale: The Memoir of Winston and Clementine Churchill\u2019s Youngest Child <\/em>(London: Transworld Publishers, 2011), 289.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Soames, Daughter\u2019s Tale, <\/em>290.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> F. N. McCoy, Researching and Writing in History: A Practical Handbook for Students <\/em>(London: University of California Press, 1974), 11.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Readman, \u201dMemoranda\u201d, 126-127.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> June Purvis, Women\u2019s History: Britain, 1850-1945: An Introduction <\/em>(London: University College London Press, 1995), 271.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Churchill Archive. \u201cPrime Minister’s printed personal minutes, October 1941.\u201d http:\/\/www.churchillarchive.com\/explore\/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F36%2F10#image=16<\/a>, last accessed 10 March 2020.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Raspin, \u201dPrivate Papers\u201d, 220.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Readman, \u201dMemoranda\u201d, 127.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Churchill Archive. \u201cPrime Minister’s printed personal minutes, October 1941.\u201d http:\/\/www.churchillarchive.com\/explore\/page?id=CHAR%2020%2F36%2F10#image=16<\/a>, last accessed 10 March 2020.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Purvis, Women\u2019s History, <\/em>270.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Harold L. <\/em>Smith, War and Social Change: British Society in the Second World War <\/em>(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986), 208.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Purvis, Women\u2019s History, <\/em>275.<\/p>\n

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In this blog, written last year for the second-year Introduction to Historical Research module, second-year UoP student Jaina Hunt wrote about how minutes of government discussions reveal changing attitudes to women\u2019s war work. During the twentieth century, minutes were created and absorbed by the system of government, making them an important part of the political machinery of Britain.[1] The minutes of the Prime Minister Winston Churchill to his secretary of state for war show the importance of women\u2019s war effort in changing attitudes towards women. Churchill placed great emphasis on the \u201cimmense importance of having a large number of women\u201d in crucial wartime roles, such as positions in batteries and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":2093,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[495,609,61,11,608],"class_list":["post-2089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning_in_focus","tag-gender-history","tag-legislation","tag-second-world-war","tag-slider","tag-state-papers"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/history.port.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/West-indian-ATS-cropped.jpg?fit=620%2C301&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p91PlX-xH","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2089"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2098,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2089\/revisions\/2098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.port.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}