Every year, the History team at Portsmouth organise a series of research seminars that take place across the autumn, winter and spring terms. Historians are invited from a range of institutions, both in Britain and abroad, to talk about their latest research projects. The subjects presented cover a broad historical timespan and offer insight into a diverse range of topics. In this winter and spring terms there will be talks on children’s writing in 1930s Britain, relationships in early modern England, immigration in Tudor Southampton, the Royal Marines’ institutional legacy, and the health of British seamen while travelling overseas.All are welcome to attend.
All talks take place in Milldam Building, Room LE1.04.
Wednesday 16th January, 3:30-5:00pm
Children, class and the search for security: Writing the future in 1930s Britain
In this post, Mike Esbester discusses how his research into the history of communicating health and safety messages is linked to a current initiative to promote wellbeing and better awareness of mental health at work and beyond.
‘History is more or less bunk’. So Henry Ford claimed – rather unfairly, I would suggest. There’s a great deal to be gained from studying and understanding the past, something historians and others have been pointing out for a very long time. I’m not going to rehash that here, other than to note that in addition to the analytical and critical skills gained from engaging meaningfully with the past, the insight it brings is paramount. This is demonstrated by the existence of organisations like History & Policy, which connects historians and policymakers, and is why people and organisations regularly look to the past: to better understand the present.
1981 British Safety Council poster, making use of a shock approach.
Just one way this comes out of my own research is demonstrated currently in the British Safety Council’s ‘Images of Wellbeing’ poster competition. The competition – which runs until 19 October 2018 – is open to all, and asks for either a static or moving design on any interpretation around the theme of ‘wellbeing.’ There are 2 age categories: under 21s and 21 and over, with a prize of £500 and runner-up prizes of £250. In addition, the winning entries will be exhibited at a London venue.
The idea behind the competition is a positive one: to enhance wellbeing and improve mental health. As such, it is framed in positive terms: not ‘fighting’ mental ill-health, but promoting wellbeing.
So where does history fit in this? I was invited by the British Safety Council to act as one of the competition judges on the basis of my research into the history of health and safety communication. I’ve a long standing interest in how visual methods – posters, booklets, films and so on – have been used to try to persuade people in the UK to change their behaviour and act in ways deemed to be safer. This has been a 20th-century phenomenon and speaks volumes about the relationships between the state, citizens, employers and organisations like the British Safety Council, which has a 60-year history of using posters and other media to try to improve health and safety.
The history of health and safety can broadly be summarised as an initial focus on accidents and visible physical harm to the body – particularly workplace accidents, increasingly so in the 19th century, but also accidents related to mobility: steamships and railways, but with some concern about horse-drawn vehicles and then, into the 20th century, the rise of the internal combustion engine. Beyond public health (things like the spread of communicable disease that have been well explored by medical historians), there was a rather limited concern for health issues arising from other sources (e.g. the workplace): it remained the poor cousin to safety matters.
This pattern continued deep into the 20th century, with health more difficult to tackle due to its long latency period, its relatively invisibility until drastic harm was done, and of course social attitudes which meant people – very often men – tried to continue as if all was well and disguise their ‘weakness.’ From roughly the 1980s historians, activists and the state became much more aware of the health in ‘health and safety’, with increasing attention to things like musculoskeletal disorders and asbestosis and lung diseases. This is seen in the British Safety Council’s posters as well, with health matters appearing more frequently. Much more recently – in the 21st century – coverage of health topics has expanded to encompass not just physical manifestations but also psychosocial aspects like stress and mental health.
1981 British Safety Council poster, using a humorous approach.
These things have, of course, existed for a very long time, even if they weren’t given the same names, but now at least they are increasingly recognised and steps are being taken to reduce the dangers or to minimise harm if it occurs. (For more on occupational stress and mental health, the Health & Safety Executive have some useful advice here, and a set of useful links and resources here.)
Looking at my own sector, Higher Education, we have seen that this is an extremely pertinent issue of late, across students and staff. (More info on the sector is available here, courtesy of Universities UK, the sector’s umbrella group.) The growing recognition of the pressures on all of us involved in universities – whether studying or working – is one reason I was keen to champion this competition and initiative: hopefully it will be one place I can use my expertise to raise awareness and to make a positive difference.
I’ve been working with the British Safety Council for nearly 10 years, helping to uncover its archive and then making use of it in my research, as well as contributing to the British Safety Council’s mission that no-one should be made ill or injured at work. This relationship includes working on the British Safety Council’s 60th anniversary last year, producing a book to mark the occasion and which is soon to be re-published by Routledge (watch this space!).
Working with the British Safety Council, including on this poster competition, fits happily with my belief – developed out of researching the lives changed or cut short by accidents in the past – that historical research can not only improve knowledge and understanding of the past, but where possible can and should have practical implications that can make our world today and in the future a better place.
The British Safety Council has been supportive both of my work and its own past, including investing money in exploring and then digitising its archive. It’s been a very positive relationship, so when I was asked to help in judging the poster competition it was an easy decision. I’m looking forward to seeing the entries, and expect some tough decisions!
Dr Jodi Burkett is Principal Lecturer in History at the university, and teaches across the undergraduate course including a special subject on ‘Students and Youth in postwar Britain’. She is currently doing research on student activism around issues of ‘race’, racism and anti-racism between the late 1960s and early 1990s which includes reading a lot of student newspapers.
While waiting in an epic queue in the Hub, or eating your Co-op meal deal, I’m sure many of you have asked yourselves:
What did students eat in the late 1960s?
For many undergraduate students, going to University is the first time that they are living on their own and having to cook for themselves. The student newspaper at the University of Warwick in the late 1960s saw this and decided to help students out by giving them some recipe ideas. In their weekly student newspaper, the Warwick Campus, during January 1969 there appeared a column titled ‘Fodder for the masses’. All of the student newspapers from this era at Warwick can be accessed digitally here:
The recipes seemed to have two things in common – they are simple and they can be done on the cheap!
For example, the recipes in the issue from the 10th of January 1969 all revolved around eggs. They included wonderful ideas like ‘Egg and Ham Moulds’ and ‘Egg in a window’. But my personal favourite (for the gross factor alone) was ‘Eggs stuffed with pate’.
Source: Warwick Campus, 10 January 1969, p.2.
The following week’s newspaper was themed ‘New Ways With Meat’ and featured ‘Liver Josephine’. What exactly that consisted of (and who was poor Josephine?) I’ll leave up to your imagination!
In the wake of this, there appears to have been a move towards worrying about the health, or, more precisely, the calories, in food. In the newspaper on the 24th of January there was a long list of the ‘Horrifying Facts When Visiting the Food Machines’ which included the calorie content of everything from crisps, to scotch eggs, fruit pie, peppermints and apples. In order to offset the seemingly ‘horrific’ 25 calories in a carton of milk, they offered recipes for a ‘Devilled Cutlet’ (Approx. 280 calories) and a ‘Cottage Cheese Salad’ (Approx 300 calories). The ‘recipe’ for this last one was particularly simple:
Top 2 tinned pears with 4 oz cottage cheese and eat with salad.
Source: Warwick Campus, 24 January 1969, p. 2
That’s it. That’s the recipe. And the entire column the following week was devoted to ‘Sandwiches’ listing 12 savoury and 7 sweet fillings that you could choose from to help break out of the ‘cheese and luncheon meat rut’. They included a number of ways to use ‘bacon juice’ including sprinkling it over peanut butter and apple slices (savoury) or tossing it with grated apple and mixing with honey and raisins (sweet).
The interest in food among Warwick students, although short-lived in the newspaper having been largely phased out by February 1969, did not die out completely and was published in a recipe book in 1972
Other than being disgusting and mildly amusing, what can this tell us as historians? There are a couple of key issues when using these recipes as historical evidence: 1) we don’t know if anyone actually read the students’ newspaper, and 2) we don’t know if anyone actually tried these ‘recipes’. That said, they can still be used as interesting and important historical sources. They can tell us about what kind of foods were readily available and considered commonplace, and they can tell us about how students were perceived, amongst other things. They can give us a ‘flavour’ of what life was like on Warwick campus at this time and encourage us to look at the offerings of the Hub’s ‘Thursday Curry Club’ with a bit more appreciation…
